.8 Common Causes of Debt — And How to Avoid them

8 Common Causes of Debt — And How to Avoid them

By Tim Lemke

Debt plagues millions of Americans every day. It is such a common problem that many of us don't even think twice about what we owe, or how we landed in such a predicament.

The simplest explanation is that debt happens when you spend more than you earn. But it's not actually that simple when real life steps in. Unexpected events, bad planning, and even a decision to pursue an education can leave you facing big debt that may take years to pay off.

By understanding some of the main causes of debt, we can make better financial decisions in avoiding it. Let's take a look at some of the worst offenders.

1. Medical expenses

Medical costs have long been one of the leading causes of bankruptcy in the United States. Even those with health insurance are not immune to medical debt. An illness, injury, or health condition can cause bills to quickly accumulate.

The Kaiser Family Foundation found that three in 10 Americans report that they or a household member have had trouble paying medical bills in the past year — 58 percent of which were affected in a way that had a major impact on their life. More than 60 percent of respondents claim their savings were wiped out. Another 37 percent turned to credit cards.

It's not easy to predict how your health could change in the future. Actually, it's almost impossible. But putting certain safeguards in place can help mitigate the risk of financial ruin.

Health insurance is the first step. And while premiums can be expensive, facing an illness or injury without that coverage would be infinitely more devastating. (See also: The One Question You Need to Answer to Choose the Best Health Care Plan)

It's also critical that you build an emergency fund. This savings cushion should ideally cover six months' to a year's worth of your living expenses. If the worst happens, you'll at least have something to fall back on. (See also: 7 Easy Ways to Build an Emergency Fund From $0)

2. Loss of income

Losing a primary source of income can severely hurt your bottom line. Maybe you were laid off or fired, or had a sudden decline in revenue for your business.

Maybe you needed to stop working to care for a child or older relative. Or perhaps your health took a turn, and you were forced to retire early or drop to part-time employment. When something like this happens, it's easy to find yourself overwhelmed by bills and expenses. Debt can quickly follow.

One of the biggest safeguards you can establish for yourself, again, is an emergency fund. Ideally, this fund can sustain you while you try to replace your lost income. Is your emergency fund as big as it should be?

It's also key that you try to live well below your means at all times, even when money is good. This means spending more on "needs" and less on "wants." This way, even if your income drops unexpectedly, you'll find it easier to get by at your current lifestyle without dipping into that emergency fund or creating new debt.

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