Becoming Financially Secure: What to Do First
Becoming Financially Secure: What to Do First By Philip Brewer
Standard financial advice is full of things to do first — emergency fund, 401(k), pay off debts, start investing, stockpile emergency supplies. What really comes first? (See also: Be In Charge of Your Finances)
Because everybody's circumstances are different, there's no one true answer that applies to everyone. Instead, the right way to approach this problem is with a mental model — a way to think about these issues that can guide you to coming up with the right answer for your particular circumstances. Here's my stab at one.
First, Stop the Penalties
Probably the most expensive mistake you can make with your finances is to find yourself paying penalties for screw ups. I'm talking about things like:
Late fees
Overdraft fees
Disconnect/reconnect fees for utilities
Penalty interest rates
If you have any accounts that are racking up penalties, that's the first thing to take care of. All your spare money should go there. Engage in some emergency belt tightening, if necessary, to free up some cash. In this one case, it might even be worth going further into debt to cure this sort of problem. (It depends on the interest rates you have to pay. For example, interest rates on a payday loans are often so high that you're better off just paying the penalty rate on your credit card.)
Second, Make Things Safe
You can prevent most of those most horrible problems with a very small emergency fund, one just big enough to smooth over glitches.
My suggestion for a minimal emergency fund is roughly the size of your biggest single bill — maybe your rent payment or mortgage payment.
Of course a small emergency fund like this doesn't provide much protection if there's a real emergency — you lose your job or have a large expense not covered by insurance. Where it helps is when something goes very briefly awry.
Suppose your payment to your insurance company goes astray and you need to write a new check today or else your insurance will be canceled. The problem will be sorted out soon enough — either the check will be permanently missing and you can just stop payment, or else it will turn up and the insurance company will refund you the overpayment. But right now you need a little cash to keep your insurance from being canceled.
A small pool of available cash like that is almost immediately self-funding, covered by the late/overdraft fees avoided.
A very similar move is to stockpile some staples in your pantry. When I was younger and my finances were out of control, I'd sometimes find myself buying an expensive meal at a nice restaurant because I was out of money. (In those days, grocery stores and cheap restaurants didn't take credit cards, but expensive restaurants did.) Have enough food on hand that you can always prepare a meal.
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